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(click)✦Ancient Near Eastern Roots | Year -2000 | Root | Foundational | Shared ancient Near Eastern narratives and high-god concepts | Covenantal streams that inform Abrahamic and regional faiths | spiritual: Stories of creation, covenant, and divine kingship | Premise: Foundational revelations seeded later monotheistic claimsAncient Near Eastern RootsPatriarchal Covenant | Year -1800 | Judaism | Foundational (Abrahamic) | Abrahamic covenant promises land, posterity, and blessing | Marks the emergence of a distinct monotheistic lineage | spiritual: Covenant encounters at altars and sacred sites | Premise: God elected a family line to steward priestly knowledgePatriarchal CovenantVedic Traditions | Year -1500 | Dharmic | Shruti (Revealed) | Vedic hymns and rituals articulate cosmic order | Priestly lineages memorize and transmit sacred texts | spiritual: Sacrificial fire rites and mantra recitation | Premise: Shruti is timeless revelation heard by rishisVedic TraditionsZoroastrianism | Year -1000 | OtherFaiths | Prophetic (Avesta) | Zarathustra proclaims Ahura Mazda as supreme | Dualistic ethics of truth versus deception influence later faiths | spiritual: Prophetic hymns and priestly preservation | Premise: Priestly Magi guard revealed fire and scriptureZoroastrianismGreco-Roman Religious Traditions | Year -700 | OtherFaiths | Civic Cult | City-states integrate cults, philosophy, and imperial worship | Mystery religions promise personal salvation | political: Imperial patronage and civic identity | Premise: Authority mediated by priests, philosophers, and emperorsGreco-Roman Religious TraditionsIsraelite Religion | Year -1200 | Judaism | Priestly (Temple) | Torah, priesthood, and sacrificial system shape national worship | Prophets call Israel back to covenant fidelity | spiritual: Sinai revelation and prophetic correction | Premise: Temple-centered authority mediated divine presenceIsraelite ReligionIslam | Year 610 | Islam | Prophetic (Qur'an) | Muhammad receives Qur'anic revelation; Ummah formed in Medina | Caliphate structures steward scripture, law, and community | spiritual: Prophetic revelation and preservation of the Qur'an | Premise: Final prophetic authority supersedes earlier scripture corruptionsIslamClassical Hinduism | Year -500 | Dharmic | Dharma (Smriti) | Epics, Puranas, and bhakti movements diversify devotion | Temple worship and gurus guide communities | spiritual: Quest for moksha through varied yogic paths | Premise: Authority flows through guru-disciple lineages and sacred textsClassical HinduismBuddhism | Year -480 | Dharmic | Sangha (Monastic) | Siddhartha Gautama articulates Four Noble Truths and Eightfold Path | Monastic sangha preserves teaching through councils and canon | spiritual: Pursuit of enlightenment and compassion | Premise: Enlightened teaching offers liberation independent of casteBuddhismSecond Temple Judaism | Year -516 | Judaism | Priestly (Temple) | Temple rebuilt; sects like Pharisees, Sadducees, Essenes emerge | Scripture canon formation and synagogue life expand | political: Persian, Hellenistic, and Roman rule | Premise: Covenant authority preserved through priestly and rabbinic stewardshipSecond Temple JudaismSunni Islam | Year 632 | Islam | Sunni (Consensus) | About 85-90% of the world's Muslims | Accepts the first four 'Rightly-Guided' caliphs as legitimate successors | political: Succession resolved through community consensus and the caliphate | Premise: Legitimate authority follows the Prophet's example and the consensus of the scholarly communitySunni IslamShia Islam | Year 632 | Islam | Shia (Imamate) | About 10-13% of the world's Muslims, concentrated in Iran, Iraq, and beyond | Holds that Ali ibn Abi Talib was the Prophet's rightful successor | theological: Leadership (imamate) divinely designated through the Prophet's household (Ahl al-Bayt) | Premise: Rightful authority flows through Ali and the divinely guided ImamsShia IslamBirth of Christ | Year 0 | Root | Incarnation | Nativity narratives situate Jesus within covenant promises | Incarnation claims God’s presence enters history | spiritual: Angel annunciations and prophetic fulfillment | Premise: Messiah is born as promised seed of Abraham and DavidBirth of ChristRabbinic Judaism | Year 90 | Judaism | Rabbinic | Post-Temple communities center on Torah, Mishnah, and synagogue | Rabbinic courts interpret law for diaspora Jewry | spiritual: Preserving covenant identity after 70 CE | Premise: Authority moves from Temple priests to rabbinic scholarshipRabbinic JudaismSufism | Year 800 | Islam | Mystical (Tariqa) | Emphasizes ihsan (spiritual excellence), remembrance of God (dhikr), and purification of the heart | Organized into orders (tariqas) such as the Qadiri, Naqshbandi, Chishti, and Mevlevi | spiritual: Longing for direct, experiential nearness to God | Premise: The outward law (sharia) is completed by an inward path (tariqa) toward GodSufismSalafism / Wahhabism | Year 1744 | Islam | Salafi (Scripturalist) | Rooted in the 18th-century reform of Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab in Arabia | Seeks to purify belief and practice by returning to the salaf (first generations) | theological: Purifying Islam of perceived innovations and returning to the sources | Premise: Authentic Islam is the literal practice of the Prophet and the earliest communitySalafism / WahhabismTwelver (Ithna Ashari) Shia | Year 874 | Islam | Imamate (Twelver) | Recognizes twelve divinely appointed Imams beginning with Ali | Holds that the twelfth Imam entered occultation (874) and will return as the Mahdi | theological: Continuity of divine guidance through the line of twelve Imams | Premise: Guidance continues through the twelve Imams and the awaited MahdiTwelver (Ithna Ashari) ShiaIsmaili Shia | Year 765 | Islam | Imamate (Ismaili) | Split over the succession to Imam Ja'far al-Sadiq (765), following his son Ismail's line | Emphasizes esoteric (batin) interpretation of scripture | theological: A continuing, living line of Imams with esoteric knowledge | Premise: A living Imam continues to guide the community in every ageIsmaili ShiaMinistry of Christ | Year 27 | Root | Incarnation | Public ministry announces kingdom of God | Calls twelve apostles and commissions disciples | spiritual: Teachings, miracles, atonement, resurrection claims | Premise: Christ personally confers authority to apostolic witnessesMinistry of ChristDiaspora Jewish Communities | Year 500 | Judaism | Rabbinic | Yeshivot codify Talmud; communities span Europe, North Africa, Middle East | Authority expressed through rabbinic councils and communal charters | political: Imperial permissions, migrations, and expulsions | Premise: Covenant identity survives through study, halakha, and memoryDiaspora Jewish CommunitiesEarly Christianity | Year 30 | Root | Foundational | Apostolic leadership and early church communities | Core teachings preserved through oral tradition and early texts | spiritual: Apostolic witness and missionary expansion | Premise: Christ established a church with authority to act in His nameEarly ChristianityHasidic Judaism | Year 1740 | Judaism | Rabbinic (Hasidic) | Founded by Rabbi Israel ben Eliezer (the Baal Shem Tov) in 18th-century Ukraine | Centers on devekut (cleaving to God), joy, and charismatic rebbes leading dynastic courts | spiritual: Renewal of heartfelt piety and mysticism among ordinary Jews | Premise: The covenant is lived through joyful devotion and the guidance of righteous leadersHasidic JudaismReform Judaism | Year 1810 | Judaism | Progressive (Reform) | Began with early reforms (Israel Jacobson, 1810) and crystallized in 19th-century Germany | Treats halakha (Jewish law) as evolving and non-binding, stressing ethics and individual autonomy | political: Jewish emancipation and integration into modern European society | Premise: Judaism's enduring essence is ethical and can adapt its practices across timeReform JudaismOrthodox Judaism | Year 1851 | Judaism | Rabbinic (Orthodox) | Affirms Torah min HaShamayim (Torah from Heaven) and binding halakha | Spans Modern Orthodox and Haredi (including Hasidic and Litvish) communities | theological: Defending the divine origin and binding force of Torah and halakha | Premise: The written and oral Torah are divinely revealed and authoritative for every generationOrthodox JudaismConservative (Masorti) Judaism | Year 1886 | Judaism | Rabbinic (Conservative) | Traces to Zacharias Frankel's Positive-Historical Judaism (mid-1800s) | Holds Jewish law as binding but subject to scholarly development | theological: Balancing fidelity to halakha with historical scholarship | Premise: Halakha is binding yet develops through tradition and scholarshipConservative (Masorti) JudaismReconstructionist Judaism | Year 1922 | Judaism | Reconstructionist | Founded on Mordecai Kaplan's thought; Society for the Advancement of Judaism (1922) | Views Judaism as an evolving civilization shaped by the Jewish people | theological: Reframing God and tradition in naturalistic, civilizational terms | Premise: Judaism is a living, human civilization that each generation reshapesReconstructionist JudaismNicene Christianity (325) | Year 325 | Continuity | Continuity | Council era codifies key doctrines and creedal language | political: Imperial involvement in church unity and councils | Premise: Councils can clarify doctrine without invalidating original authorityNicene Christianity (325)Restoration Claims (19th c.) | Year 1820 | Restoration | Restoration | Authority re-instated by divine action (claimed) | spiritual: Claims of visions/angelic ministry and restored authority | Premise: Apostasy occurred (authority loss)Restoration Claims (19th c.)Eastern Orthodox | Year 1054 | Continuity | Continuity | Apostolic succession without papal supremacy | Conciliar model of authority | political: East–West tensions (language, jurisdiction, empire) | Premise: Conciliar continuity preserved authorityEastern OrthodoxRoman Catholic Church | Year 500 | Continuity | Continuity | Apostolic succession and episcopal governance | Papal primacy (in Catholic view) | political: Western empire collapse and consolidation of church authority structures | Premise: Apostolic succession continued without ruptureRoman Catholic ChurchOriental Orthodox | Year 451 | Continuity | Continuity | Non-Chalcedonian churches maintaining ancient liturgies | Patriarchal structure outside of Chalcedonian conciliar definitions | theological: Disagreement on Christological language at Chalcedon | Premise: Authority can persist outside Chalcedonian formulasOriental OrthodoxStone–Campbell Movement | Year 1832 | Restoration | Restorationist (Stone-Campbell) | Back-to-the-Bible primitivism | Desire for visible Christian unity | theological: Rejection of creeds as divisive | Premise: New Testament pattern alone can restore unityStone–Campbell MovementChristian Science | Year 1879 | Restoration | Restorationist (Healing) | Mary Baker Eddy’s metaphysical healing movement | Science and Health used alongside Bible | spiritual: Quest for divine healing and reinterpretation of scripture | Premise: Spiritual reality supersedes material illnessChristian ScienceChristadelphians | Year 1848 | Restoration | Restorationist (Biblical Literalist) | Lay Bible study movement rejecting Trinity | Focus on eschatology and literal kingdom | theological: Desire to restore apostolic beliefs via direct scripture study | Premise: Historic creeds added errors; Bible alone clarifiesChristadelphiansNew Apostolic Church | Year 1863 | Restoration | Restorationist (Apostolic) | Claimed reestablishment of apostolic ministry in Europe | Continues prophetic/apostolic appointments | spiritual: Catholic Apostolic Movement succession | Premise: Apostolic authority can be restored through prophetic callingNew Apostolic ChurchIglesia ni Cristo | Year 1914 | Restoration | Restorationist (Non-Nicene) | Philippine-origin church claiming restoration of true church | Centralized authority under Executive Minister | human: National identity and anti-colonial context | Premise: Original church disappeared and is uniquely restoredIglesia ni CristoChurch of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints | Year 1830 | Restoration | Restoration | Claim: priesthood authority restored by angelic ministration | Open canon (additional scripture) | spiritual: Claims of John the Baptist; Peter, James, and John restoring priesthood authority | Premise: Apostolic authority was lost and needed restorationChurch of Jesus Christ of Latter-day SaintsSeventh-day Adventist | Year 1863 | Restoration | Restorationist (non-priesthood) | Sabbath emphasis; apocalyptic interpretation | theological: Second Great Awakening era movements | Premise: Scripture supports distinctive eschatology and Sabbath practiceSeventh-day AdventistJehovah’s Witnesses | Year 1870 | NonNicene | Restorationist (Non-Nicene) | Non-Trinitarian theology | Distinct authority structure | human: Bible study movements and new interpretive frameworks | Premise: Non-Nicene readings best reflect original ChristianityJehovah’s WitnessesGreek Orthodox | Year 1054 | Continuity | Continuity (Autocephalous) | Ecumenical Patriarchate as primus inter pares | Strong liturgical and monastic tradition | political: Byzantine heritage and Ottoman-era governance | Premise: Autocephaly preserves orthodox faith without central papacyGreek OrthodoxRussian Orthodox Church | Year 988 | Continuity | Continuity (Autocephalous) | Baptism of Rus' traditions | Patriarchate restored after Soviet era | political: Tsarist symphonia and later Soviet repression | Premise: Local church can maintain apostolic faith despite political shiftsRussian Orthodox ChurchEastern Catholic Churches | Year 1596 | Continuity | Continuity (Eastern Rite) | Eastern liturgical traditions in communion with Rome | Union agreements such as Brest and Uzhhorod | political: Efforts to reconcile Eastern communities with Roman primacy | Premise: Communion with Rome restores or maintains legitimate successionEastern Catholic ChurchesOld Catholic Movement | Year 1870 | Continuity | Continuity (Conciliarist) | Rejects papal infallibility defined at Vatican I | Maintains apostolic succession via Utrecht Union | theological: Concern over centralized papal authority | Premise: Councils, not unilateral papal decrees, safeguard apostolic authorityOld Catholic MovementLatin American Catholic Renewal | Year 1968 | Continuity | Continuity (Pastoral) | Medellín and Puebla conferences emphasize liberation pastoral approach | Base communities focus on lay scripture engagement | human: Social inequity and political upheaval | Premise: Magisterial authority can prioritize justice for the poorLatin American Catholic RenewalProtestant Reformation (1517) | Year 1517 | Reform | Reform (Scripture) | Sola Scriptura (Bible as supreme authority) | Reform of doctrine and practice | theological: Disputes about indulgences, justification, authority | Premise: Scripture can function as sufficient authority for church legitimacyProtestant Reformation (1517)Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo | Year 330 | Continuity | Continuity (Oriental) | Ancient Christian kingdom with unique liturgy | Claims Solomonic and apostolic heritage | spiritual: Integration of Christianity with national identity | Premise: Authority can be localized yet apostolicEthiopian Orthodox TewahedoCoptic Orthodox Church | Year 451 | Continuity | Continuity (Oriental) | Alexandrian patriarchate outside Chalcedon | Strong monastic tradition | theological: Miaphysite Christology | Premise: Chalcedon language not required for orthodox ChristologyCoptic Orthodox ChurchArmenian Apostolic Church | Year 301 | Continuity | Continuity (Oriental) | First nation to adopt Christianity | Catholicos-centered hierarchy | political: National identity preservation under empires | Premise: Local apostolic church can remain orthodox outside imperial councilsArmenian Apostolic ChurchChurches of Christ | Year 1906 | Restoration | Restorationist (Stone-Campbell) | A cappella worship | Congregational autonomy with shared restoration hermeneutic | theological: Biblical literalism regarding silence of scripture | Premise: Silence of scripture is prohibitiveChurches of ChristChristian Church (Disciples of Christ) | Year 1968 | Restoration | Restorationist (Ecumenical) | Ecumenical wing of Stone–Campbell movement | Open table communion and denominational structure | human: Negotiating unity and mission in modern context | Premise: Institutional denominational form can serve restoration idealChristian Church (Disciples of Christ)Community of Christ | Year 1860 | Restoration | Restoration (progressive) | Lineal succession through Joseph Smith Jr.’s descendants led the church until 1996 | Rejected plural marriage from the beginning, claiming Joseph Smith did not practice it (position later revised) | theological: Rejection of plural marriage and Brigham Young’s theological innovations as departures from original Restoration | Premise: Prophetic succession should follow Joseph Smith’s lineage rather than quorum seniorityCommunity of ChristFundamentalist Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints | Year 1890 | Restoration | Restoration (fundamentalist) | Formed by those who refused to abandon plural marriage after the 1890 Manifesto | Practice of plural (polygamous) marriage as a religious commandment | theological: Belief that D&C 132 established plural marriage as an irrevocable eternal covenant | Premise: D&C 132 represents an irrevocable commandment that cannot be withdrawn by church leadersFundamentalist Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day SaintsMartin Luther (1483-1546) | Year 1517 | Reform | Reform (Scripture) | Justification by faith alone (sola fide) as the central article of Christian doctrine | Scripture alone (sola scriptura) as the supreme authority for doctrine and practice | theological: Critique of indulgences and papal authority; breakthrough on justification by faith | Premise: Scripture alone is a sufficient authority for doctrine and practice, correcting institutional errorMartin Luther (1483-1546)Radical Reformation (Anabaptists) | Year 1525 | Reform | Reform (Believers' Church) | Believer’s baptism and gathered church membership | Non-violence and separation from state structures | theological: Desire for New Testament replication of church life | Premise: True church is formed only by professing believersRadical Reformation (Anabaptists)Lutheran | Year 1520 | Reform | Reform (Scripture) | Justification by faith emphasized | Retains some liturgical continuity | human: Martin Luther's reform program and disputes with church authorities | Premise: Reforming doctrine does not require apostolic succession to remain validLutheranReformed / Presbyterian | Year 1536 | Reform | Reform (Scripture) | Emphasis on covenant theology | Elders/presbytery governance | theological: Doctrinal systemization in Geneva and beyond | Premise: Church governance can be reorganized under scriptureReformed / PresbyterianChurch of England (1534) | Year 1534 | Reform | Royal Supremacy | Established by the Act of Supremacy (1534), declaring the English monarch Supreme Head of the Church of England | Executions of Thomas More, John Fisher, and other dissenters who refused to accept royal supremacy | political: Henry VIII's demand for a marriage annulment the pope refused to grant | Premise: A national monarch can legitimately displace the pope as head of a Christian churchChurch of England (1534)Mennonite | Year 1536 | Reform | Reform (Believers' Church) | Community discipline and peace witness | Shared resources and mutual aid | spiritual: Commitment to discipleship in community | Premise: Jesus’ teachings on peace are prescriptive for church lifeMennoniteLutheran Church—Missouri Synod | Year 1847 | Reform | Reform (Confessional) | Confessional Lutheranism with strict subscription to Book of Concord | Synodical polity | theological: Desire to preserve orthodox Lutheran doctrine among immigrants | Premise: Confessional standards safeguard doctrineLutheran Church—Missouri SynodEvangelical Lutheran Church in America | Year 1988 | Reform | Reform (Mainline) | Merger of LCA, ALC, AELC | Largest Lutheran body in U.S. | human: Ecumenical movement and desire for unified Lutheran witness | Premise: Doctrine can be articulated through democratic synodsEvangelical Lutheran Church in AmericaChurch of Scotland | Year 1560 | Reform | Reform (Presbyterian) | National Kirk shaped by John Knox | General Assembly governance | political: Scottish Reformation and covenanting | Premise: Presbyterian polity reflects biblical eldershipChurch of ScotlandPresbyterian Church (USA) | Year 1983 | Reform | Reform (Presbyterian) | Merger of northern and southern streams | Connectional polity via General Assembly | human: Desire for national unity after Civil War era splits | Premise: Shared confessions can guide a broad communionPresbyterian Church (USA)Christian Reformed Church | Year 1857 | Reform | Reform (Presbyterian) | Dutch immigrant denomination in North America | Three Forms of Unity confessions | theological: Desire to preserve Dutch Reformed distinctives | Premise: Confessionalism can coexist with Kuyperian cultural engagementChristian Reformed ChurchAnglican Communion | Year 1534 | Reform | Reform (Mixed) | National church separation (England) | Mix of catholic/protestant traits | political: English crown and church jurisdiction conflict | Premise: National separation does not invalidate church legitimacyAnglican CommunionAmish | Year 1693 | Reform | Reform (Believers' Church) | Strict Ordnung and community separation | Emphasis on humility and simplicity | human: Debates over shunning and community discipline | Premise: Separation from broader society preserves faithfulnessAmishEpiscopal Church (USA) | Year 1789 | Reform | Reform (Episcopal) | American Anglican province after independence | General Convention governance | political: Need for autonomous church post-American Revolution | Premise: Communion with global Anglicanism can exist without British monarchEpiscopal Church (USA)Anglican Global South / GAFCON | Year 2008 | Reform | Reform (Conciliar) | Coalition of Anglican provinces emphasizing traditional doctrine | Advocates conciliar accountability | theological: Debates over scripture authority and ethics | Premise: Global councils can correct perceived doctrinal driftAnglican Global South / GAFCONEnglish Separatists | Year 1580 | Reform | Reform (Congregational) | Congregational independence | Purity of worship emphasis | political: State church enforcement and dissent | Premise: Local congregations can embody legitimate church authorityEnglish SeparatistsMethodists | Year 1738 | Reform | Reform (Revival) | Revival emphasis, holiness, practical discipleship | spiritual: Evangelical revival movements | Premise: Revival movements can renew without institutional continuity requirementsMethodistsCongregationalist | Year 1603 | Reform | Reform (Congregational) | Each congregation governs itself | Covenant theology applied locally | theological: Desire to purify worship without bishops | Premise: Christ’s authority is present where believers covenant togetherCongregationalistReligious Society of Friends (Quakers) | Year 1650 | Reform | Reform (Inner Light) | Inner Light guidance | Peace testimony and social witness | spiritual: Experiential emphasis on direct guidance by Christ | Premise: Holy Spirit can guide worship without ordained clergyReligious Society of Friends (Quakers)Baptists | Year 1609 | Reform | Reform (Congregational) | Believer's baptism | Congregational governance | theological: Baptism and church membership debates | Premise: Scripture and the gathered congregation are sufficient for legitimate church authorityBaptistsAfrican Methodist Episcopal Church | Year 1816 | Reform | Reform (Episcopal) | First independent Black denomination in U.S. | Combines Methodist doctrine with liberation focus | human: Racial segregation in Methodist Episcopal Church | Premise: Self-governance necessary for justiceAfrican Methodist Episcopal ChurchUnited Methodist Church | Year 1968 | Reform | Reform (Connectional) | Merger of Methodist Church and Evangelical United Brethren | Global connectional polity | human: Desire for unity among Wesleyan bodies | Premise: Connectional system can adapt globallyUnited Methodist ChurchWesleyan / Methodist Holiness | Year 1843 | Reform | Reform (Holiness) | Entire sanctification teaching | Mission societies and camp meetings | spiritual: Renewed call to holiness within Methodism | Premise: Sanctification crisis experience is normativeWesleyan / Methodist HolinessSalvation Army | Year 1865 | Reform | Reform (Holiness) | Militarized mission structure | Social services alongside evangelism | human: Urban poverty response in Victorian England | Premise: Flexible structures can extend holiness missionSalvation ArmyPentecostal | Year 1906 | Reform | Reform (Charismatic) | Spiritual gifts emphasis | Revival/charismatic experience | spiritual: Azusa Street revival-era movements | Premise: Spiritual gifts continue and validate renewal movementsPentecostalEvangelical Movement | Year 1942 | Reform | Reform (Evangelical) | Bebbington quadrilateral (conversionism, activism, biblicism, crucicentrism) | Coalitions across denominations | spiritual: Revival heritage from Great Awakenings | Premise: Shared core doctrines and mission can transcend denominational structuresEvangelical MovementUnited Church of Christ | Year 1957 | Reform | Reform (Synod-Congregational) | Merger of Congregational Christian and Evangelical & Reformed churches | Emphasis on ecumenism and social justice | human: Post-war ecumenical movement | Premise: Shared covenants and synods can guide autonomous congregationsUnited Church of ChristSouthern Baptist Convention | Year 1845 | Reform | Reform (Congregational) | Largest Protestant denomination in U.S. | Cooperative program for missions | political: Split over slavery and mission governance | Premise: Autonomous churches can cooperate voluntarilySouthern Baptist ConventionNational Baptist Convention | Year 1895 | Reform | Reform (Congregational) | Historic African-American Baptist body | Strong focus on education and civil rights | human: African-American autonomy post-Civil War | Premise: Congregational polity can empower marginalized communitiesNational Baptist ConventionHoliness Movement | Year 1860 | Reform | Reform (Holiness) | Camp meetings across the U.S. | Second blessing teaching spreads | spiritual: Revivalism and pursuit of spiritual power | Premise: Holiness teaching reflects apostolic ChristianityHoliness MovementAssemblies of God | Year 1914 | Reform | Reform (Charismatic) | Largest classical Pentecostal denomination | General Council governance | human: Need for coordinated missions and doctrine | Premise: Voluntary fellowship can guard doctrine while embracing giftsAssemblies of GodChurch of God in Christ | Year 1907 | Reform | Reform (Charismatic) | Largest African-American Pentecostal body | Episcopal governance with Presiding Bishop | spiritual: Holiness and Pentecostal revivals in Black churches | Premise: Spirit baptism empowers holiness and missionChurch of God in ChristCharismatic Renewal | Year 1960 | Reform | Reform (Charismatic) | Pentecostal practices adopted in historic denominations | Focus on spiritual gifts alongside liturgy | spiritual: Desire for experiential renewal within mainline churches | Premise: Gifts can operate within existing church structuresCharismatic RenewalNon-denominational Evangelical | Year 1975 | Reform | Reform (Independent) | Independent congregations with evangelical theology | Often use contemporary worship and media | human: Desire for flexible governance and cultural adaptability | Premise: Local elders/pastors can provide sufficient authority if doctrine is orthodoxNon-denominational EvangelicalMegachurch Movement | Year 1980 | Reform | Reform (Independent) | Large congregations with multisite strategies | Seeker-sensitive and contemporary services | human: Suburban growth and media technology | Premise: Large-scale organization can remain spiritually accountableMegachurch Movement
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